Society and Technology - Notes Vandar

Basic Concept of Sociology

Introduction to Sociology presents sociology as the scientific study of society, social relationships, and behavior, with contributions from Comte (science of society), Durkheim (social facts), and Weber (social action). It explains sociology’s nature as a social, independent, generalizing, and applied science, grounded in fieldwork and empirical research. The scope is seen through the German (formalistic) school, which studies forms of interaction like cooperation and conflict, and the French (synthetic) school, which views society as a whole, covering social morphology, physiology, and general sociology. Finally, the unit highlights sociology’s close ties with anthropology, economics, political science, history, and psychology, making it a central discipline among the social sciences.

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Organizing Social Life

This unit introduces society as a group of people sharing a common culture, norms, values, and institutions while living together in a defined area. It explains the major types of societies, from hunting and gathering (small, nomadic, and egalitarian) to agrarian (based on farming, surplus production, and social classes) and industrial (machine-based, urbanized, and specialized labor). The unit highlights how population size and distribution shape social interaction, while culture, through material and non-material elements, influences behavior and identity. Communities provide belonging, norms and values regulate conduct, and statuses and roles define individual positions in social structures. Institutions such as marriage, family, kinship, and groups are emphasized as key frameworks that organize social life and fulfill basic human needs.

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