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Computer Fundamentals and Applications

This course offers fundamental concepts of computers and computing, including computer systems, computer software & database management system, operating system, data communication & computer network, and contemporary technologies. It also aims at helping students convert theoretical concepts into practical skills through using different application packages including a word processor, spreadsheet package, presentation package and photo editing graphical package.

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Introduction to Computer System

Introduction to Computer System explains that a computer is an electronic device that processes data into information quickly and accurately. It covers features like speed, automation, versatility, applications in daily life, types of computers, mobile computing, basic components (input, CPU, memory, output), storage (primary and secondary), and common ports for connectivity.

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Computer Software

Computer software refers to the set of programs and instructions that enable a computer to perform tasks. Software is broadly categorized into system software and application software. It is important to distinguish between a program (a single set of instructions) and software (a collection of programs). Additionally, computers are vulnerable to viruses, which can harm data and performance, and antivirus tools are used to detect and remove them.

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Operating System

This unit explains the basic concept of operating systems, their role as system software, and how they act as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware. It covers the major functions of an OS such as process, memory, file, and device management along with system security. Different types of operating systems like batch, multiprogramming, multiprocessing, multithreading, distributed, time-sharing, network, and real-time OS are discussed. The unit also introduces open-source operating systems, highlighting their importance, benefits, and examples such as Linux, Ubuntu, and Android.

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Database Management System

Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS) explains that a DBMS is a software system that enables efficient storage, retrieval, and management of data in a structured way. It covers types of database models (hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented), basics of SQL for querying and manipulating data, principles of database design, and ensuring data security. It also introduces advanced topics like data warehousing, data mining for extracting meaningful insights, and the role of a database administrator in maintaining, optimizing, and securing databases.

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Data Communication and Computer Network

This unit introduces data communication and computer networks, explaining how data is transferred between devices efficiently. It covers modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), and LAN topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh. The unit also explains transmission media (wired and wireless), network devices like hubs, routers, NICs, and modems, the OSI reference model with its seven layers, and communication protocols including TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and POP. Finally, it compares centralized and distributed systems, highlighting differences in processing, control, and data management.

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Internet and WWW

The Internet is a global network that connects millions of devices worldwide, enabling communication, information sharing, and access to services like the World Wide Web (WWW), email, and Telnet. Key Internet terms include webpage (a single document), website (a collection of webpages), upload (sending data online), download (receiving data), web browser (software to view sites), URL (web address), search engine (tool to find information), domain name (human-readable website name), and IP address (unique identifier of devices). Alongside the Internet, organizations use Intranet, a private internal network for employees, and Extranet, which extends the intranet to allow secure access to trusted outsiders like suppliers or clients. The advantages of intranet include better communication, productivity, and security, while its disadvantages are high cost, maintenance needs, and possible misuse. Together, the Internet, Intranet, and Extranet are essential tools for global connectivity, internal efficiency, and business collaboration.

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Contemporary Technologies

Introduction to Contemporary Technologies explains modern advancements in computing and digital innovations that impact daily life and industries. It covers multimedia and its types, applications of e-commerce, e-learning, e-governance, and e-banking in transforming services and business. The unit also discusses hypermedia, geographical information systems (GIS), and emerging immersive technologies like virtual reality and augmented reality. Advanced fields such as artificial intelligence, ambient intelligence, robotics, and blockchain-based systems like Bitcoin are introduced, highlighting their roles in automation, decision-making, and digital transactions. The chapter emphasizes how these technologies shape communication, education, governance, and the global economy.

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