2.1 Working with academic vocabulary

1. Understanding Academic Vocabulary

Academic vocabulary consists of words and phrases commonly used in academic texts and discussions. These words often convey specific meanings and concepts relevant to various fields of study.

2. Key Features of Academic Vocabulary

• Precision: Academic vocabulary is often more precise than everyday language.
• Formality: It tends to be more formal, avoiding colloquialisms.
• Complexity: Many academic words are derived from Latin or Greek and may be longer or more complex.

3. Strategies for Building Academic Vocabulary

1. Read Widely:
   • Engage with academic texts in your field (journals, articles, textbooks) to encounter and learn new vocabulary in context.
2. Use a Vocabulary List:
   • Familiarize yourself with lists of academic words, such as the Academic Word List (AWL), which highlights commonly used academic terms.
3. Create Flashcards:
   • Make flashcards with the word on one side and its definition, part of speech, and example sentence on the other side.
4. Practice in Context:
   • Write sentences or short paragraphs using new vocabulary to reinforce understanding and retention.
5. Engage in Discussions:
   • Participate in academic discussions or study groups where you can practice using academic vocabulary.
6. Use Online Resources:
   • Utilize websites and apps dedicated to vocabulary building, such as Quizlet or vocabulary.com.

4. Applying Academic Vocabulary in Writing

• Be Specific: Choose words that accurately convey your ideas.
  • Instead of “good,” use “beneficial” or “advantageous.”
• Vary Your Language: Avoid repetition by using synonyms.
  • Instead of repeating “important,” consider “crucial,” “significant,” or “essential.”
• Integrate Vocabulary into Different Writing Styles:
  • Adapt your vocabulary to suit essays, research papers, or presentations, maintaining the appropriate tone and formality.

5. Reviewing and Self-Testing

• Regularly review your vocabulary and test yourself on the definitions and uses of the words you’ve learned.

Example Academic Vocabulary

Here are some common academic words along with their meanings:

1. Analyze: To examine something in detail to understand it better.
   • Example: “The study aims to analyze the effects of climate change.”
2. Synthesize: To combine various elements to form a coherent whole.
   • Example: “The author synthesizes research findings to support the argument.”
3. Hypothesis: A proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
   • Example: “The hypothesis suggests a correlation between sleep and academic performance.”
4. Evaluate: To assess the significance or value of something.
   • Example: “The researcher will evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.”
5. Illustrate: To clarify or explain something by providing examples.
   • Example: “The case study illustrates the challenges faced by small businesses.”

2.2 Word combination

Word combinations, often referred to as collocations, are pairs or groups of words that frequently go together in a language. Understanding and using collocations can improve your fluency and make your language sound more natural. Here’s a guide on word combinations:

1. Types of Word Combinations

1. Adjective + Noun: Certain adjectives are commonly used with specific nouns.
   • Examples:
     • “strong coffee”
     • “high expectations”
2. Verb + Noun: Some verbs are frequently paired with particular nouns.
   • Examples:
     • “make a decision”
     • “take a break”
3. Noun + Noun: Certain nouns often appear together.
   • Examples:
     • “computer science”
     • “swimming pool”
4. Adverb + Adjective: Some adverbs naturally modify specific adjectives.
   • Examples:
     • “highly effective”
     • “deeply concerned”
5. Verb + Preposition: Certain verbs are commonly followed by specific prepositions.
   • Examples:
     • “depend on”
     • “invest in”
6. Noun + Verb: Some nouns are often used with particular verbs.
   • Examples:
     • “the sun rises”
     • “the alarm rang”

2. Importance of Word Combinations

• Naturalness: Using common collocations makes your speech and writing sound more fluent and natural.
• Clarity: Word combinations can convey specific meanings more clearly.
• Cohesion: They help create more coherent and connected sentences.

3. How to Learn and Practice Word Combinations

1. Read Extensively: Pay attention to how words are combined in various contexts (books, articles, academic papers).
2. Keep a Collocation Notebook: Write down new combinations you encounter along with examples.
3. Use Language Resources: Utilize collocation dictionaries or websites that specialize in word combinations (like Oxford Collocations Dictionary).
4. Practice Speaking and Writing: Try to incorporate new collocations into your speaking and writing exercises.
5. Engage in Conversations: Use collocations in discussions to reinforce your understanding and recall.

4. Examples of Common Word Combinations

• Adjective + Noun:
  • “financial stability”
  • “creative solution”
• Verb + Noun:
  • “conduct research”
  • “reach a conclusion”
• Noun + Noun:
  • “data analysis”
  • “traffic accident”
• Adverb + Adjective:
  • “extremely happy”
  • “bitterly disappointing”
• Verb + Preposition:
  • “apologize for”
  • “concentrate on”

2.3 Vocabulary at academic institutions

Vocabulary at academic institutions often involves specialized terms and phrases that are essential for understanding and participating in academic discourse. Here’s a guide to help you navigate and use academic vocabulary effectively:

1. Common Academic Vocabulary

1. Academic Terms:

• Abstract: A brief summary of a research article, thesis, or dissertation.
  • Example: “The abstract provides an overview of the study’s objectives and findings.”
• Hypothesis: A proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
  • Example: “The hypothesis was tested through a series of experiments.”
• Thesis: A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.
  • Example: “Her thesis explores the effects of climate change on marine biodiversity.”
• Methodology: The system of methods followed in a particular discipline.
  • Example: “The methodology section outlines the research design and data collection techniques.”

2. Disciplinary Vocabulary:

• In Science:
  • Variables: Factors that can be changed or controlled in an experiment.
    • Example: “The independent variable was manipulated to observe its effects on the dependent variable.”
  • Control Group: A group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used for comparison.
    • Example: “The control group was compared with the experimental group to evaluate the impact of the treatment.”
• In Humanities:
  • Interpretation: The act of explaining or understanding the meaning of something.
    • Example: “The paper provides an interpretation of the novel’s themes and symbols.”
  • Critique: A detailed analysis and assessment of something.
    • Example: “The critique examined the strengths and weaknesses of the research methodology.”

3. Academic Skills Vocabulary:

• Analyze: To examine in detail to understand or explain.
  • Example: “The student was asked to analyze the data and present the findings.”
• Synthesize: To combine different ideas or information to create a coherent whole.
  • Example: “The literature review synthesized findings from multiple studies to support the research question.”
• Evaluate: To assess the value or significance of something.
  • Example: “The committee will evaluate the proposals based on their feasibility and impact.”

2. Using Academic Vocabulary

1. In Writing:
   • Research Papers: Incorporate specialized terms accurately to convey complex ideas.
   • Essays: Use academic vocabulary to present arguments and support your thesis.
   • Reports: Employ terms related to methodology, analysis, and conclusions.
2. In Speaking:
   • Presentations: Use precise terms to explain concepts and findings.
   • Discussions: Apply academic vocabulary to articulate your points and engage in scholarly dialogue.
   • Seminars and Lectures: Familiarize yourself with key terms to understand and contribute effectively.

3. Strategies for Mastering Academic Vocabulary

1. Read Academic Texts: Engage with journals, articles, and textbooks in your field to see how academic vocabulary is used.
2. Create a Glossary: Compile a list of important terms and their definitions related to your studies.
3. Practice Using Terms: Incorporate new vocabulary into your writing and speaking to reinforce learning.
4. Seek Feedback: Get feedback on your use of academic vocabulary from professors, peers, or mentors.

2.4 Ways of talking about

When discussing various topics, especially in academic or professional settings, it’s important to use precise language and structured approaches to communicate effectively. Here are some key ways to talk about different subjects:

1. Describing and Explaining

• Description: Provide detailed information about something.
  • Example: “The painting depicts a serene landscape with rolling hills and a clear blue sky.”
• Explanation: Clarify how or why something happens.
  • Example: “Photosynthesis occurs when plants convert sunlight into chemical energy using chlorophyll.”

2. Analyzing and Evaluating

• Analysis: Break down complex information into simpler parts to understand it better.
  • Example: “The analysis of the data revealed a significant correlation between exercise and improved mental health.”
• Evaluation: Assess the value, effectiveness, or significance of something.
  • Example: “The evaluation of the new policy showed that it had a positive impact on employee satisfaction.”

3. Comparing and Contrasting

• Comparison: Highlight similarities between two or more things.
  • Example: “Both theories emphasize the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.”
• Contrast: Highlight differences between two or more things.
  • Example: “Unlike traditional methods, the new approach relies on digital tools for data collection.”

4. Arguing and Persuading

• Argument: Present a reasoned case to support a particular viewpoint.
  • Example: “The argument in favor of renewable energy is based on its environmental benefits and sustainability.”
• Persuasion: Convince others to accept a particular perspective or take a specific action.
  • Example: “To persuade the audience, the speaker used compelling evidence and emotional appeals.”

5. Summarizing and Concluding

• Summary: Provide a concise overview of the main points.
  • Example: “In summary, the study found that regular exercise improves both physical and mental health.”
• Conclusion: Draw a final inference or decision based on the information presented.
  • Example: “The conclusion drawn from the research is that early intervention can significantly reduce the impact of the condition.”

6. Illustrating and Exemplifying

• Illustration: Use examples or analogies to clarify a concept.
  • Example: “To illustrate the concept of gravitational pull, consider how the Earth attracts objects towards its center.”
• Example: Provide specific instances to support or clarify a point.
  • Example: “For example, the company’s adoption of green practices led to a 20% reduction in waste.”

7. Discussing and Debating

• Discussion: Explore different aspects of a topic and consider various viewpoints.
  • Example: “The discussion focused on the implications of artificial intelligence in the workforce.”
• Debate: Engage in a formal argument where opposing viewpoints are presented and defended.
  • Example: “The debate centered on whether the benefits of genetic modification outweigh the potential risks.”

8. Reporting and Presenting

• Reporting: Provide factual information on a subject.
  • Example: “The report details the financial performance of the company over the past year.”
• Presentation: Share information with an audience, often using visual aids.
  • Example: “The presentation included slides that highlighted key findings from the research.”

Tips for Effective Communication

• Be Clear: Use straightforward language and avoid jargon unless it’s appropriate for your audience.
• Be Concise: Get to the point without unnecessary elaboration.
• Be Structured: Organize your information logically, using headings or bullet points if necessary.
• Be Engaging: Use examples, stories, or questions to maintain interest.

2.5 Opinions and ideas

When discussing opinions and ideas in academic or professional settings, it’s important to present your thoughts clearly and support them with evidence or reasoning. Here’s a guide on how to express opinions and ideas effectively:

1. Expressing Opinions

To express opinions clearly and respectfully, you can use various phrases:

Phrases for Expressing Strong Opinions:

• I firmly believe that…
  • Example: “I firmly believe that renewable energy is the key to combating climate change.”
• In my opinion, …
  • Example: “In my opinion, the education system needs significant reform.”
• I am convinced that…
  • Example: “I am convinced that technology will reshape the future of healthcare.”
• It is my belief that…
  • Example: “It is my belief that early education has a profound impact on lifelong learning.”

Phrases for Expressing Tentative Opinions:

• I tend to think that…
  • Example: “I tend to think that online learning can be as effective as traditional classrooms.”
• I would argue that…
  • Example: “I would argue that stricter regulations are necessary for environmental protection.”
• It seems to me that…
  • Example: “It seems to me that work-life balance is becoming more important in modern workplaces.”
• I am inclined to believe that…
  • Example: “I am inclined to believe that automation will significantly affect job markets.”

2. Presenting Ideas

When sharing ideas, it’s important to articulate them clearly, structure your thoughts logically, and support them with relevant details.

Phrases for Introducing Ideas:

• One idea could be to…
  • Example: “One idea could be to integrate renewable energy into urban planning.”
• A possible solution might be…
  • Example: “A possible solution might be implementing hybrid work models for greater flexibility.”
• I propose that…
  • Example: “I propose that we allocate more resources to mental health programs in schools.”
• It might be worth considering…
  • Example: “It might be worth considering adopting a universal healthcare system.”

Phrases for Developing and Supporting Ideas:

• For instance…
  • Example: “For instance, countries like Sweden have successfully implemented free education models.”
• To illustrate this point…
  • Example: “To illustrate this point, let’s examine how remote work has improved productivity.”
• A good example of this is…
  • Example: “A good example of this is how companies have reduced their carbon footprint through green technologies.”
• Evidence suggests that…
  • Example: “Evidence suggests that a plant-based diet can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”

3. Agreeing and Disagreeing Politely

When discussing opinions, it’s common to agree or disagree with others. Here’s how to do it diplomatically:

Agreeing:

• I completely agree with you that…
  • Example: “I completely agree with you that early education plays a crucial role in development.”
• That’s a good point, and I would add that…
  • Example: “That’s a good point, and I would add that government support is also essential.”
• You’re absolutely right about…
  • Example: “You’re absolutely right about the importance of renewable energy in the long term.”

Disagreeing:

• I see your point, but…
  • Example: “I see your point, but I think we need to consider the economic implications as well.”
• I’m not sure I agree with that because…
  • Example: “I’m not sure I agree with that because the data shows different trends.”
• That’s an interesting perspective, but I believe…
  • Example: “That’s an interesting perspective, but I believe we need more evidence before reaching a conclusion.”

4. Clarifying or Extending Ideas

Sometimes, after expressing an idea or opinion, you might need to clarify or elaborate on it:

• To clarify, what I mean is…
  • Example: “To clarify, what I mean is that the current funding is insufficient to meet the program’s goals.”
• Let me rephrase that…
  • Example: “Let me rephrase that: rather than eliminating exams, we should focus on reforming them.”
• What I’m suggesting is…
  • Example: “What I’m suggesting is a hybrid model of education that combines online and in-person learning.”

5. Summarizing Your Opinions and Ideas

At the end of a discussion or argument, it’s often helpful to summarize your main points:

• In summary, my view is that…
  • Example: “In summary, my view is that renewable energy should be prioritized for future development.”
• To conclude, I believe that…
  • Example: “To conclude, I believe that the current economic policies need to be re-evaluated to address income inequality.”
• Overall, it seems to me that…
  • Example: “Overall, it seems to me that improving access to education will have a long-lasting impact.”

6. Acknowledging Other Opinions or Ideas

When discussing various topics, it’s polite to acknowledge different perspectives even if you don’t agree:

• While some may argue that…
  • Example: “While some may argue that standardized testing is essential, I think there are more effective assessment methods.”
• Although it’s true that…
  • Example: “Although it’s true that remote work offers flexibility, it can also lead to feelings of isolation.”
• I understand the viewpoint that…
  • Example: “I understand the viewpoint that traditional education has value, but I believe alternative models are worth exploring.”

2.6 Functions

In language, functions refer to the various roles that language can play in communication. Understanding these functions can help you use language more effectively in different contexts. Here’s an overview of key language functions:

1. Informative Function

• Purpose: To convey information or provide factual details.
• Examples:
  • Explanation: “Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their food using sunlight.”
  • Description: “The conference will be held at the downtown hotel.”

2. Persuasive Function

• Purpose: To convince or influence others to accept a particular viewpoint or take action.
• Examples:
  • Argumentation: “We should invest in renewable energy to combat climate change effectively.”
  • Call to Action: “Sign up today to help make a difference!”

3. Directive Function

• Purpose: To give instructions, commands, or requests.
• Examples:
  • Instruction: “Please submit your report by the end of the day.”
  • Command: “Turn off the lights when you leave the room.”
  • Request: “Could you send me the latest updates on the project?”

4. Expressive Function

• Purpose: To convey personal feelings, emotions, or attitudes.
• Examples:
  • Emotion: “I am thrilled about the opportunity to present at the conference.”
  • Opinion: “I feel that the new policy is a step in the right direction.”

5. Aesthetic Function

• Purpose: To create beauty or artistic expression through language.
• Examples:
  • Poetry: “The moonlight danced on the waves, painting the night in silver hues.”
  • Literary Style: “His writing captures the essence of the human experience with elegance and depth.”

6. Social Function

• Purpose: To establish, maintain, or change social relationships and interactions.
• Examples:
  • Greeting: “Hello, how are you today?”
  • Politeness: “Thank you for your assistance; I really appreciate it.”
  • Small Talk: “How was your weekend?”

7. Regulatory Function

• Purpose: To control or manage behavior and activities.
• Examples:
  • Rules: “No smoking is allowed in this area.”
  • Guidelines: “Please follow the procedure outlined in the manual.”

8. Metalinguistic Function

• Purpose: To discuss or clarify the use of language itself.
• Examples:
  • Clarification: “By ‘sustainable,’ I mean practices that do not deplete resources.”
  • Definition: “In this context, ‘innovation’ refers to new methods or ideas.”

9. Phatic Function

• Purpose: To establish or maintain communication and social interaction.
• Examples:
  • Checking In: “Can you hear me okay?”
  • Establishing Contact: “Is this a good time to talk?”

10. Referential Function

• Purpose: To refer to or describe objects, events, or situations.
• Examples:
  • Reference: “The meeting is scheduled for 3 PM in the conference room.”
  • Identification: “The book on the shelf is a classic novel by Dickens.”

Applying Functions in Communication

1. Academic Writing:
   • Use the informative function to present research findings.
   • Use the persuasive function to argue a thesis or position.
2. Professional Communication:
   • Use the directive function for instructions and requests.
   • Use the social function to build relationships with colleagues.
3. Creative Writing:
   • Use the aesthetic function to create vivid imagery and emotional impact.
   • Use the expressive function to convey characters’ internal experiences.
4. Everyday Conversation:
   • Use the phatic function to maintain social contact.
   • Use the expressive function to share personal feelings.

2.7 Reading and vocabulary

Reading and vocabulary are closely connected, as a robust vocabulary enhances reading comprehension and vice versa. Here’s a guide on how to improve your vocabulary through reading and how to use vocabulary to enhance reading skills:

1. Building Vocabulary Through Reading

1.1. Engage with Diverse Texts

• Read Widely: Explore different genres (fiction, non-fiction, academic texts) and styles to encounter a broad range of vocabulary.
  • Example: Reading a novel exposes you to literary language, while academic journals introduce technical terms.
• Focus on Context: Pay attention to how words are used in context to infer their meanings.
  • Example: In a historical novel, you might learn terms related to that period’s culture.

1.2. Use Active Reading Strategies

• Highlight New Words: Mark unfamiliar words and phrases while reading.
  • Example: Highlight words like “ambivalent” or “ephemeral” and look them up later.
• Take Notes: Write down new vocabulary and its meanings, and review these notes regularly.
  • Example: Create a vocabulary journal with words, definitions, and example sentences.
• Create Vocabulary Maps: Use visual tools like mind maps to connect new words with related concepts.
  • Example: For the word “metaphor,” create branches for related terms like “simile,” “analogy,” and “symbolism.”

1.3. Contextual Learning

• Read in Context: Understanding how words function within sentences helps grasp their meanings better.
  • Example: Understanding “ubiquitous” in the context “Smartphones have become ubiquitous in modern society” provides insight into its meaning.
• Guess Meaning from Context: Use surrounding text to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words before checking a dictionary.
  • Example: “The storm’s fury was devastating, leaving a trail of desolation in its wake.” From context, you might infer “desolation” means “extreme sadness or emptiness.”

2. Enhancing Reading Comprehension Through Vocabulary

2.1. Increase Vocabulary Knowledge

• Learn Word Roots: Understanding prefixes, suffixes, and root words can help deduce meanings of unfamiliar words.
  • Example: “Unhappy” (prefix “un-” + root “happy” = not happy).
• Study Synonyms and Antonyms: Knowing synonyms and antonyms can help understand word meanings and usage.
  • Example: Knowing “happy” and its synonyms like “joyful” and “content” enhances understanding of similar words in different contexts.

2.2. Practice with Vocabulary Exercises

• Use Flashcards: Create flashcards for new vocabulary words with definitions, synonyms, and example sentences.
  • Example: On one side, write “meticulous”; on the other, write “careful and precise,” along with an example sentence.
• Complete Vocabulary Quizzes: Take quizzes or tests to reinforce your understanding of new words and their usage.
  • Example: Online platforms like Quizlet offer vocabulary quizzes that test your knowledge.

2.3. Apply Vocabulary in Context

• Write Sentences: Practice using new vocabulary words in sentences to ensure you understand their meanings and proper usage.
  • Example: Write a sentence using “paradox” to solidify its meaning: “The notion that less is more is a paradox.”
• Engage in Discussions: Use new vocabulary in conversations or discussions to reinforce your learning.
  • Example: Use terms like “innovative” or “resilient” when discussing business strategies.

3. Reading Strategies for Vocabulary Acquisition

3.1. Read Regularly

• Set Aside Time: Allocate time each day to read various materials.
  • Example: Dedicate 30 minutes to reading articles, books, or essays.
• Diverse Reading Material: Choose materials that challenge you and introduce new vocabulary.
  • Example: Read both classic literature and contemporary works to encounter different styles and vocabularies.

3.2. Reflect and Review

• Review Vocabulary Regularly: Revisit and review new vocabulary to reinforce memory.
  • Example: Weekly review of words learned in the past month helps retention.
• Discuss What You Read: Engage with others about the texts you’ve read to deepen your understanding of the vocabulary used.
  • Example: Join a book club or discussion group to talk about books and vocabulary.

4. Using Vocabulary to Enhance Reading Comprehension

• Identify Key Terms: Pay attention to key terms and phrases that are crucial for understanding the main ideas.
  • Example: In a scientific article, focus on technical terms and their definitions to grasp the concepts better.
• Understand Author’s Intent: Analyze how the author uses vocabulary to convey tone, mood, and emphasis.
  • Example: Observe how descriptive language creates imagery in poetry.

2.8 Reference

References are crucial in academic and professional writing as they provide the sources of information and evidence used in your work. They lend credibility, allow readers to verify sources, and acknowledge the contributions of other authors. Here’s a guide on how to use and manage references effectively:

1. Understanding References

1.1. Purpose of Referencing

• Credibility: Demonstrates that your work is based on research and evidence.
• Verification: Allows readers to check the sources of your information.
• Acknowledgement: Gives credit to the original authors and researchers.

1.2. Types of References

• Books: Comprehensive sources of information on a particular subject.
• Journal Articles: Research studies and reviews published in academic journals.
• Websites: Online sources of information, including articles, blogs, and official sites.
• Conference Papers: Research presented at academic or professional conferences.
• Reports: Documents published by organizations, institutions, or government bodies.

2. Common Referencing Styles

Different disciplines and institutions use various referencing styles. Here are some of the most common ones:

2.1. APA (American Psychological Association)

• Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the work. Publisher.
• Example: Smith, J. (2020). Understanding psychology. Random House.
• In-Text Citation: (Smith, 2020)

2.2. MLA (Modern Language Association)

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Work. Publisher, Year of Publication.
• Example: Smith, John. Understanding Psychology. Random House, 2020.
• In-Text Citation: (Smith 45)

2.3. Chicago/Turabian

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Work. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
• Example: Smith, John. Understanding Psychology. New York: Random House, 2020.
• In-Text Citation: (Smith 2020, 45)

2.4. Harvard

• Format: Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) Title of the work. Place of publication: Publisher.
• Example: Smith, J. (2020) Understanding psychology. New York: Random House.
• In-Text Citation: (Smith, 2020)

3. How to Reference

3.1. Collecting Information

• Author: Note the full name of the author(s).
• Title: Record the title of the work.
• Publication Date: Record the date of publication.
• Publisher: Note the name of the publisher.
• Pages: For specific references, record the relevant page numbers.

3.2. Formatting References

• Follow Style Guidelines: Adhere to the specific format required by your chosen referencing style.
• Use a Reference Manager: Tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley can help manage and format references.

3.3. In-Text Citations

• Direct Quotes: Include the author’s name, publication year, and page number.
  • Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 45)
• Paraphrasing: Cite the source without a page number if paraphrasing.
  • Example: (Smith, 2020)

4. Creating a Reference List or Bibliography

4.1. Structure

• Alphabetical Order: Arrange references alphabetically by the author’s last name.
• Hanging Indentation: For most styles, use a hanging indent for each reference entry.

4.2. Types of Lists

• Reference List: Used in APA and Harvard styles, listing all sources cited in the text.
• Bibliography: Used in MLA and Chicago styles, listing all sources consulted, including those not cited in the text.

5. Avoiding Plagiarism

5.1. Cite All Sources

• Credit: Always give credit to the original authors for their ideas and research.
• Paraphrase Properly: Even when paraphrasing, acknowledge the source of the ideas.

5.2. Use Quotation Marks

• Direct Quotes: Place direct quotations in quotation marks and provide an accurate citation.

5.3. Verify Your References

• Accuracy: Ensure that all reference details are correct and complete.